Belgium

Belgium faces moderate housing challenges concentrated in Brussels, where EU institutional presence drives prices up. Energy renovation of the ageing building stock is a major challenge, with approximately 70% of buildings predating 1970. Homelessness has been rising in major cities.

Belgium has a moderate housing market with homeownership around 65%. Housing is primarily a regional competence, managed by Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels separately. Brussels faces the highest affordability pressures as a dual national/EU capital. Social housing accounts for approximately 7% of stock.

Digital Belgium plan for national digitalisation; Smart City Flanders regional innovation programme; Smart City Wallonia regional development strategy; Brussels Smart City strategy for capital region; Agoria Smart City programme connecting industry and cities; Belgian AI strategy (AI4Belgium)