France

France faces housing affordability challenges concentrated in Paris and major metropolises. Approximately 4 million people are inadequately housed. The government has ambitious renovation targets (700,000 energy renovations per year) but struggles to meet them.

France has a mixed housing market with significant social housing provision (approximately 17% of stock). Major cities like Paris face intense pressure with high prices, while smaller cities remain more affordable. The Loi SRU mandates 25% social housing in municipalities over 3,500 inhabitants.

French Tech initiative supporting urban innovation; Plan France 2030 with €54B for innovation including smart cities; La French Fab reindustrialisation programme; Territoires d'industrie supporting local economic transformation; Programme national de rénovation urbaine (ANRU) with €12B for urban renewal